3d building analyzer

ABSTRACT

A system and method is provided for constructing a labeled and dimensioned multidimensional (e.g., 3D) building model from building object imagery (e.g., ground-level imagery). The method begins by retrieve building object imagery, the building object imagery collected based on directed capture with a mobile device. The method continues by constructing a scaled multi-dimensional building model, the scale based on sizing of at least one selected architectural feature. The method continues by identifying architectural elements within facades of the multi-dimensional building model. The method continues by determining dimensions of at least one of the architectural elements, the dimensions based on the scale. The method continues by determining dimensions (e.g., area) of at least one of the architectural elements. The method continues by labeling each identified architectural element with at least an identifier and by labeling at least one of the architectural elements with the determined dimensions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No.17/583,546, entitled “3D BUILDING ANALYZER,” filed Jan. 25, 2022, whichis a continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 17/127,994,entitled “3D BUILDING ANALYZER,” filed Dec. 18, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No.11,276,229, which is a continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No.16/998,564, entitled, “3D BUILDING ANALYZER,” filed Aug. 20, 2020, nowU.S. Pat. No. 10,902,672, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/411,226, entitled “3D BUILDING ANALYZER,” filedJan. 20, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,861,224, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 15/255,807,entitled “GENERATING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL BUILDING MODELS WITH GROUND LEVELIMAGES,” filed Sep. 2, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,776,999, which is acontinuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 14/339,127, entitled“GENERATING 3D BUILDING MODELS WITH GROUND LEVEL AND ORTHOGONAL IMAGES,”filed Jul. 23, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,437,033, which claims prioritypursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/857,302, entitled “GENERATING 3D BUILDING MODELS WITH GROUND LEVELAND ORTHOGONAL IMAGES,” filed Jul. 23, 2013, all of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of thepresent U.S. Utility patent Application for all purposes.

This application makes reference to the complete subject matter of U.S.Pat. Nos. 9,478,031, 8,878,865 and 8,422,825 each of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The technology described herein relates generally to a system and methodfor analyzing multi-dimensional building models, and in particular, to asystem and method creating a 3D blueprint based on the analyzing.

Description of Related Art

Some efforts have been made to generate accurate 3D textured models ofbuildings via aerial imagery or specialized camera-equipped vehicles.However, these 3D maps have limited texture resolution, geometryquality, accurate geo-referencing and are expensive, time consuming anddifficult to update and provide no robust real-time image data analyticsfor various consumer and commercial use cases.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system architecture in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a diagram for directed capture ofground-level images for a multi-dimensional building model in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a flowchart for identifying variousknown architectural elements, façades and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a flowchart for identifyingvarious known architectural elements, planes, dimensions and materialcalculations of a multi-dimensional building model in accordance withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a flowchart for identifyingvarious known architectural elements, façades and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of a diagram identifying variousknown architectural elements, façades and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a diagram identifying various knownarchitectural elements, façades and dimensions of a multi-dimensionalbuilding model in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a diagram identifying variousknown architectural elements, façades and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a diagram identifying variousknown architectural elements, façades and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a siding listing for identifiedvarious known architectural elements, façades and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of a siding listing foridentified various known architectural elements, façades and dimensionsof a multi-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of a summary siding listing foridentified various known architectural elements, façades and dimensionsof a multi-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a roofing diagram for identifiedvarious known architectural elements and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of a roofing diagram for identifiedvarious known architectural elements and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a summary roofing listing foridentified various known architectural elements and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure; and

FIG. 16 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine in theexample form of a computer system in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of system architecture in accordancewith the present disclosure. In one embodiment, image processing system100 includes image processing servers 102/112. Image database (DB) 104and image processing servers 102/112 are coupled via a network channel106.

Network channel 106 is a system for communication. Network channel 106includes, for example, an Ethernet or other wire-based network or awireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with awireless network, such as a WI-FI network. In other embodiments, networkchannel 106 includes any suitable network for any suitable communicationinterface. As an example and not by way of limitation, the networkchannel 106 can include an ad hoc network, a personal area network(PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), ametropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internetor a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one ormore of these networks may be wired or wireless. As another example,network channel 106 can be a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example,a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a 3G or 4Gnetwork, LTE, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, aGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network).

In one embodiment, network channel 106 uses standard communicationstechnologies and/or protocols. Thus, network channel 106 can includelinks using technologies such as Ethernet, 802.11, worldwideinteroperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 3G, 4G, LTE, CDMA,digital subscriber line (DSL), etc. Similarly, the networking protocolsused on network channel 106 can include multiprotocol label switching(MPLS), the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP),the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), the hypertext transport protocol(HTTP), the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), and the file transferprotocol (FTP). In one embodiment, the data exchanged over networkchannel 106 is represented using technologies and/or formats includingthe hypertext markup language (HTML) and the extensible markup language(XML). In addition, all or some of links can be encrypted usingconventional encryption technologies such as secure sockets layer (SSL),transport layer security (TLS), and Internet Protocol security (IPsec).

In one or more embodiments, image processing servers 102/112 includesuitable hardware/software in the form of circuitry, logic gates, and/orcode functions to process building object imagery (e.g., ground-levelimages) to include, but not limited to, multi-dimensional modelbuilding, calculation of one or more image measurements and productionof a building material/feature listing. Capture device(s) 108 is incommunication with image processing servers 102 for collecting, forexample, ground-level images of building objects. Capture devices 108are defined as electronic devices for capturing images. For example, thecapture devices include, but are not limited to: a camera, a phone, asmartphone, a tablet, a video camera, a security camera, aclosed-circuit television camera, a drone mounted camera system, acomputer, a laptop, a webcam, wearable camera devices, photosensitivesensors, IR sensors, lasers, equivalents or any combination thereof.

Image processing system 100 also provides for viewer device 110 that isdefined as a display device. For example, viewer device 110 can be acomputer with a monitor, a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, a touchscreen display, a LED array, a television set, a projector display, aremote display coupled to the capture device, a wearable system with adisplay, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, theviewer device includes display of one or more building façades andassociated measurements, such as, for example, a conventional desktoppersonal computer having input devices such as a mouse, keyboard,joystick, or other such input devices enabling the input of data andinteraction with the displayed images and associated measurements.

In one embodiment, an image processing system is provided for uploadingto image processing servers 102 building object imagery (e.g.,ground-level images) of a physical building from a capture device 108.An uploaded image is, for example, a digital photograph of a physicalbuilding, for example, showing a corner with one or more sides of thephysical building.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of collecting ground-level images forbuilding 200 in accordance with the present disclosure. Ground-levelimages 1-N displayed (e.g., in digital view finder), generated bycapture device 108, provide for different perspectives of the building(in the illustrated example—centered on the façade). Ground-level imagesare taken to capture the building from multiple perspectives by panning(moving the camera source 108), for example, left-to-right (counterclockwise) starting with, for example, the façade 201 of the building(but not limited thereto). As shown, ground level images are captured asthe capture device moves around the building—taking a plurality (e.g.,4-16 for an entire building) of ground level images from multipleangles, heights, and distances. The series of captured ground levelimages will be uploaded to image processing servers 102 to beinstantiated as a 2D/3D building model and returned to the user forstorage/display. While shown for ground-level image capture, vehiclemounted systems or a camera mounted on a drone can perform imagecapture.

As shown, ground-level image 202(1) provides for the left most buildingfaçade perspective relative to the other ground-level images.Ground-level image 202(6) provides for the right most building façadeperspective relative to the other ground-level images. Ground-levelimages 202(2) through 202(5) represent the building façade from fouradditional perspectives between ground-level images 202(1) and 202(6).While shown as 6 images of the front façade 201 of the building, theuser continues around the building taking photos as suggested by, forexample, guide overlays until the building is captured (e.g., shown as16 sectors 203). The number of image captures may vary with eachbuilding capture without departing from the scope of the technologydescribed herein. However, in one embodiment, captures including fourcorners (e.g., 206) as well as four sides (e.g., front façade 201, rightfaçade (side 207), back façade and left façade, etc.) may providegreater building image capture coverage (e.g., capture corners,boundaries and façades). In various embodiments, the roof is alsocaptured as part of the ground-level captures or as part of a separateelevated capture method (e.g., drone, ladder, etc.).

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart 300 representing one embodiment processfor accurately scaling a multi-dimensional model during constructionthereof in accordance with the present disclosure. While shown forscaling during construction, scaling can be performed on the fly (inreal time) as building object imagery (e.g., ground-level images) iscaptured, post capture, post multi-dimensional model construction orperformed to rescale a previously scaled multi-dimensional model withoutdeparting from the scope of the technology disclosed herein.

In step 301, at least one ground-level image (imagery) is retrieved fromimages DB 104 to potentially identify dimensions (e.g., at least apartial façade image). In one embodiment, while a complete façade imageoffers a large number of scaling options, only a portion of theground-level image may be necessary to scale. For example, when using asingle architectural element to scale, the entire image (façade) may notbe needed (only a portion including the selected architectural feature).

In one example embodiment, a front façade includes a cut-out of a full2D image that has been rectified and correlated to vertices of geometricplanes/polygons that make up a portion of, for example, a 3D model. Theportion may be a close up of the front porch of a house that includes anexterior front door. In step 302, known architectural elements of theground-level image are identified. In one embodiment, architecturalelements are identified using known image or object recognitiontechniques, including known techniques, such as those shown in U.S.application Ser. No. 14/610,850, which is incorporated herein byreference.

In alternative embodiments, the identification of architectural elementsis accomplished using other approaches. For example, perimeterboundaries are automatically identified using known line detectiontechniques. For another example, boundaries are identified using uniquefeature detection methods that look for repeated, consistent parallellines or line intersections (patterns). For yet another example,boundaries of architectural elements are detected by comparison topreviously stored libraries of known architectural elements. For yetanother example, boundaries of architectural elements are detected usingdeep learning algorithms based on training using large ground trainingimage sets (for example, a thousand images of a front façade image withone or more known architectural features is used to train the system todetect such façades with such features). For yet another example,boundaries are manually marked up (e.g., by human observer). Thespecific method of architectural element boundary detection may varyusing other known and future techniques without departing from the scopeof the present technology disclosed herein.

In step 303, perimeter boundaries for the identified architecturalelement(s) are defined by correlating, for example, perimeter points,vertices, corner points, edges or specific salient pixels (e.g.,neighboring pixels with noted changes in contrast, density or color,side pixels, corner pixels, etc.) of the defined architectural elementwithin the ground-based image to the corresponding boundaries(represented by x, y, z positions) within the 3D building model (e.g.,within two images having a common element). Pixel positions areextrapolated from vertices/edges of the ground-level image.

In step 304, dimensional ratios of distances spanning the width andlength of the identified architectural element are determined using, forexample, image processing system 100 of FIG. 1 . Since, in this exampleembodiment, real-world positions (i.e., geo-references) of thevertices/edges of the ground-level image are not known, scale isdetermined by determining dimensional ratios (e.g., height-to-width,width-to-height or area (width×height)) of selected architecturalelements within their defined image boundaries (e.g., identified frontexterior door) in the ground-level image. In another embodiment, theprocess is repeated 307 to determine dimensional ratios for pluralitiesof determined image boundaries in one or more multiple architecturalelements. In this embodiment, the resulting ratios are later blended oraveraged to determine a ratio (discussed in greater detail hereafter).For example, ratios for multiple doors can be calculated and thenaveraged or ratios for multiple different architectural elementsaveraged.

In step 305, determined ratios are compared to known standardarchitectural element dimensional ratios (width-to-height,width-to-height or area). The comparison may be as simple as selecting adimensional ratio which is closest to a known standard architecturaldimensional ratio. For example, some standard front doors are 36×80inches.

In an alternative embodiment for step 305, an error threshold accountsfor inherent inaccuracy in the imagery and provides a likely range ofvalues that are used to correlate a ratio value to known standardarchitectural element dimensional ratios. For example, if the knownarchitectural standard ratio of width-to-height for an exterior frontdoor is 9:20 (0.45), the threshold will be established using, forexample, ±05% (0.0225). If the determined ratio of the identifiedarchitectural element (door) falls within the range of 0.4275-0.4725, itis assumed that the determined ratio is likely to be the knownarchitectural standard dimensional ratio for this door. If thedetermined ratio fails to fall within the threshold, it is assumed thatit does not apply to the known architectural standard or it is from adifferent standard dimensional ratio for a different exterior front doorsize (e.g., 30×82 inches). An exterior door ratio which substantiallymatches a ratio of 9:20 reveals that the identified exterior front dooris 36×80 inches.

By selecting a dimensional ratio closest to the respective knownarchitectural element dimensional ratios, a proper scale can bedetermined for the ground-level image based on relative error of theselected dimensional ratio to the known dimensional ratio of the knownarchitectural element. This error is used to scale the multi-dimensionalbuilding model accordingly (during or after construction). For example,the error could be ±1%, etc.

In a similar process to the previously discussed embodiment of usingexterior front doors as the known architectural standard, a brick'sheight and width is used to identify dimensional ratios. Because bricksare smaller and a single image may contain many bricks, an average of aplurality of determined ratios may provide a higher accuracy. Therefore,pluralities of bricks are identified and their dimensional ratiosdetermined. An average ratio is then compared to known brickarchitectural standard dimensional ratios. Error threshold values may beestablished for differing brick types and a comparison made between theaverage ratio value and the known architectural standard dimensionalratio, including the threshold. A brick's width-to-height orheight-to-width ratio may be compared against known dimensionalarchitectural standard ratios.

In step 306, the ratio which is closest to a known standardarchitectural element dimensional ratio is used as a scale. And in step308, the scale is used to scale/rescale a multi-dimensional (e.g.,2D/3D) building model. Once one or more actual dimensions are known inthe retrieved ground-level model, the remaining model scaling usedduring multi-dimensional model construction is scaled accordingly (samescale). In one embodiment, scale is determined for at least one façadeor architectural feature (e.g., door). In another embodiment, scale maybe determined for each separate side (façade) of a building and eachside scaled accordingly. In another embodiment, scale may be determinedfor each side (façade) of a building and an average scaling used. Inanother embodiment, multiple architectural elements are identified andratios calculated with the closest (least error) ratio selected from agroup of determined ratios. In another embodiment, an alreadyconstructed multi-dimensional model uses scale of at least one edge.Once the edge has an accurate dimension (using the technology describedherein), the dimensions and position of the remaining edges (andvertices) are adjusted accordingly to maintain the original geometry(angles of the vertices and the length ratios of the edges) of thebuilding model. Once a scaled building model has been constructed, thebuilding model can be textured based on the ground-level images with theoriginal coordinates for textures.

In one embodiment, the repeated comparison between the ratios ofmultiple selections of an architectural element (e.g., door ratios invarious doors located within the image) and the known architecturalstandard dimensions established in step 302 is fed into a weighteddecision engine (not shown) to determine an average ratio determination.The weighted decision engine in uses learned statistical analysis toimprove scaling over time and measurements. As more statisticalinformation is accumulated (learned), the weighted decision enginecreates a more predictable result. Again, in step 306, themulti-dimensional building model is scaled and constructed 308 (orrescaled) according to the decision determined by the weighted decisionengine.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a flowchart for identifying variousknown architectural elements, planes, dimensions and material/costcalculations of a multi-dimensional building model in accordance withthe present disclosure. Once a proper scale is determined for thevarious surfaces (façades) and architectural elements of the constructedmulti-dimensional building model (FIG. 3 ), each of the surfaces isassociated with the calculated dimensions (using known scale and sizesof constructed façades and architectural features (e.g., windows, doors,siding, roofing, paint, brick, stucco, etc.). In one embodiment, thedimensioned multi-dimensional model displays only outlines of thevarious edges and corners and architectural features with their specificdimensions or labels (sizing/specs reflected in an associated table). Inan alternate embodiment, the dimensioned multi-dimensional model istextured using either the ground-level imagery or known default textures(e.g., 6 inch siding, brick, shingle, standard door or window patterns,etc.) with their specific dimensions or labels (sizing reflected in anassociated table).

In one embodiment, a complete multi-dimensional (3D) blueprint of abuilding's exterior includes labeled measurements on the entiremulti-dimensional building model exterior, including, but not limitedto:

Roof: (e.g., shingle, clay pot, metal, wood, etc.)

-   -   roof square footage;    -   roof measurements (ridges, hips, valleys, rakes, gutters, or        eaves): “ridge”—level horizontal line connecting two roof facets        along the top edge of their intersection;    -   “hip”—slanted line connecting two roof facets along the top edge        of their intersection; “valley”—slanted line connecting two roof        facets along the bottom edge of their intersection;        “rake”—slanted line along the side of a gable roof facet;    -   and “eave”—level horizontal line along the bottom edge of a roof        facet;    -   Roof pitch    -   Roof waste

Siding: (vinyl, aluminum, wood, Tudor style, wrap (e.g., Tyvek®), etc.)

-   -   Siding square footage    -   Siding waste    -   Openings: (width, length, windows and doors quantity, united        inches, square footage, tops lengths, sills lengths and sides        lengths): “side lengths”—vertical edge line along the        intersection of an opening and siding; “sill lengths”—horizontal        bottom edge line along the intersection of an opening and        siding; “tops lengths”-horizontal top edge line along the        intersection of an opening and siding;    -   Corners: “inside corners” (quantity and length)—vertical line at        the intersection of two siding faces; “outside corners”        (quantity and length)—vertical line at the intersection of two        siding faces;    -   Starters: “level starter”—bottom of siding that is level where        most vinyl contractors use starter strip and most fiber cement        contractors use starter strip/first course;    -   Trim: “sloped trim”—bottom of siding that is sloped where most        vinyl contractors use J-channel (ground level) and/or flashing        (rooflines) and fiber cement contractors use starter strip/first        course; “vertical trim”—a corner where siding meets another        substrate; most vinyl contractors use J-channel here and most        fiber cement contractors use a trim board; “level base”—level        horizontal line along the bottom edge of a siding facet; “sloped        base”—slanted line along the bottom edge of    -   a siding facet; “eaves fascia”—length of eaves; “rakes        fascia”—length of rakes;    -   “level frieze board”—top of siding that is level and meets        roofline; “sloped frieze board”—top of siding that is sloped and        meets roofline (gables);    -   Gutters: length;    -   Soffit: square footage; width; length    -   Shutters (quantity and square footage)    -   Vents (quantity and square footage)

Paint:

-   -   Paint square footage

Specific architectural features/elements: (windows, doors, dormers,posts, trim, etc.)

-   -   features detected, boundaries detected, dimensions calculated,        area calculated and material listings and cost estimates        calculated

Referring again to FIG. 4 , in step 400, at least one scaledmulti-dimensional model (building) as created, for example in FIG. 3(element 308), is retrieved from image processing servers 102/112 tocalculate and/or identify: overall dimensions, each surface dimension,materials, architectural elements, labels for the identified dimensions,a table of materials and potential costs (estimate/proposal).

In step 402, one or more architectural elements of the ground-levelimage are selected (e.g., those previously identified—FIG. 3 , element302). Architectural elements can include surfaces, planes, façades,associated façades (e.g., detached garage), etc. In one embodiment,architectural elements are selected on the fly using known image orobject recognition techniques, manually (user/modeler selected) orincluding other known techniques, such as those shown in U.S.application Ser. No. 14/610,850, which is incorporated herein byreference.

In step 404, all planes within the retrieved scaled multi-dimensionalmodel that include the selected architectural element are defined. Instep 406, for selected architectural element(s) (in each defined plane),perimeter boundaries for the identified architectural element(s) aredefined by correlating, for example, perimeter points, vertices, cornerpoints, edges or specific salient pixels (e.g., neighboring pixels withnoted changes in contrast, density or color, side pixels, corner pixels,etc.) of the defined architectural element within the ground-based imageto the corresponding boundaries (represented by x, y, z positions)within the 3D building model (e.g., within two images having a commonelement). Pixel positions are extrapolated from vertices/edges of theground-level image.

In step 408, dimensions are calculated for the selected architecturalfeatures (e.g., windows, doors, siding, roofing, façades and overalldimensions). Using the known scale, dimensions can be calculatedgeometrically relative to a single anchor point (e.g., front corner ofbuilding, window, door, etc.), calculated from multiple anchors pointswithin a single façade/architectural element or within an entiremulti-dimensional building model, calculated from a geometric centerpoint/line of the multi-dimensional building model or calculated from ageometric center of a façade or architectural element of themulti-dimensional building model without departing from the scope of thetechnology described herein. Also, in step 408, once dimensions of eachidentified architectural element are known, they are passed to a list(step 414), for example, a listing of all window sizes, to be stored ina table within image processing servers 102/112 and further identifiedwithin the scaled multi-dimensional model (step 416). However,identification of dimensions can be incrementally performed (e.g., perarchitectural element, side, surface, etc.) or aggregated (stored in atable within image server memory) and performed together (step 416).Dimensioning can include well-known conventions (e.g., blueprintdimensions) or use specific labels such as letters, numbers or textuallabels. As with dimensions, specific labeling can be incrementallyperformed (e.g., per architectural element (e.g., window), side,surface, etc.) or aggregated (stored in a table within image servermemory) and performed later (step 416).

In step 410, using the dimensions from step 406, area is calculated foreach architectural element. Area calculations are particularly usefulwhen calculating large surface area elements, such as forsiding/paint/brick, where an area of each non-siding surface will needto be removed from an overall calculation of siding surface area. Aswith step 408, the areas are passed to a listing and aggregation step414 and labeling step 416. Alternately, an aggregated count ofarchitectural features can be calculated, for example, 8 windows of acertain size, 4 doors of a certain size, 132 foot of gutters, 290 ft ofbase, 120 ft of rake, 100 ft of fascia, 1600 shingles, etc.

In step 412, the process is repeated for each determined one of theselected architectural element. For example, it is repeated for eachwindow on each façade of the multi-dimensional model.

In step 414, a complete list of all identified architectural features(e.g., materials listing) and calculated dimensions (including area) isdefined as well as aggregated total values. For example, the list willidentify all windows/doors and their sizes. In another example, roofingtotal area and other specific roofing components (flashing, cap, etc.)are listed. In yet another example, siding area and specific sidingcomponents (inside corner, outside corner, level base, gutters, fascia,etc.) are listed. In addition, as part of, or as an additional step, thelisting of materials may be augmented by cross correlation with knownpricing lists to create an estimate of costs for the associated items onthe list. Basic cost estimating functionality is known in the art. Knownmethods of calculating costs can be used without departing from thescope of the technology disclosed herein.

In step 418, a 3D blue print with dimensions and/or labels is created.For example, each of the surfaces is labeled with calculated dimensions(using known scale and sizes of constructed façades and architecturalfeatures (e.g., windows, doors, siding, roofing, paint, brick, stucco,etc.). In one embodiment, the dimensioned multi-dimensional modeldisplays only outlines of the various edges and corners andarchitectural features with their specific dimensions or labels (sizingreflected in an associated table). In an alternate embodiment, thedimensioned multi-dimensional model is textured using either theground-level imagery or known default textures (e.g., 6 inch siding,brick, shingle, standard door or window patterns, etc.) with theirspecific dimensions or labels reflected in an associated table.

The 3D blueprint can, in one embodiment, be returned to the capturedevice (e.g., smartphone) to be electronically displayed to the user orbe displayed to a potential homeowner as part of a remodeling or repairproposal (estimate). In addition, the lists can be provided(communicated/displayed/stored) in association, or separately, from the3D model and can be organized by material, architectural feature,sizing, costs, remodeling schedule (date of installation), etc.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a flowchart for identifying planeswith siding, dimensions (area) and material/cost calculations for amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure. In step 500, at least one scaled multi-dimensional model(building) as created, for example in FIG. 3 (element 308), is retrievedfrom image processing servers 102/112 to calculate and/or identify:overall dimensions, each surface dimension, siding material, non-sidingarchitectural elements, labels for the identified dimensions, a table ofmaterials and potential costs (estimate/proposal).

In step 502, siding as an architectural element is selected. In oneembodiment, siding is selected on the fly using known image or objectrecognition techniques, manually (user/modeler selected) or includingother known techniques, such as those shown in U.S. application Ser. No.14/610,850, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In step 504, all planes within the retrieved scaled multi-dimensionalmodel that include siding are defined. In step 506, for each definedplane with siding (repeated 507), perimeter boundaries for the sidingare defined by correlating, for example, perimeter points, vertices,corner points, edges or specific salient pixels (e.g., neighboringpixels with noted changes in contrast, density or color, side pixels,corner pixels, etc.) of the siding within the ground-based image to thecorresponding boundaries (represented by x, y, z positions) within the3D building model (e.g., within two images having a common element).Pixel positions are extrapolated from vertices/edges of the ground-levelimagery.

In step 508, siding dimensions for each plane with siding arecalculated. Using the known scale, dimensions can be calculatedgeometrically relative to a single anchor point (e.g., front corner ofbuilding), calculated from multiple anchors points within a singlefaçade or within an entire multi-dimensional building model, calculatedfrom a geometric center point/line of the multi-dimensional buildingmodel or calculated from a geometric center of a façade or siding areaof the multi-dimensional building model without departing from the scopeof the technology described herein. Also, in step 508, once dimensionsof each identified plane with siding are known (repeated in step 509),they are passed to a list (step 520), for example, a listing of allsiding areas, to be stored in a table within image processing servers102/112 and further identified within the scaled multi-dimensional model(FIG. 4 , element 418). However, identification of dimensions can beincrementally performed (e.g., per architectural element, side, surface,etc.) or aggregated (stored in a table within image server memory) andperformed together (FIG. 4 , step 416). Dimensioning can use well-knownconventions (e.g., blueprint dimensions) or use specific labels such asletters, numbers or textual labels. As with dimensions, specificlabeling can be incrementally performed (e.g., per architectural elementside, surface, etc.) or aggregated (stored in a table within imageserver memory) and performed later (FIG. 4 , step 416).

In step 510, using the dimensions from step 508, area is calculated foreach plane with siding. In addition, area calculations of identifiednon-siding elements, step 511, (e.g., are particularly useful whencalculating this type of large surface area element, where an area ofeach non-siding surface (e.g., windows/doors) will need to be removedfrom an overall calculation of the total siding surface area. As withstep 508, the areas calculated are passed to an aggregation step 520 andlabel step (FIG. 4 , step 416).

In steps 512-518, associated siding components (inside corners, outsidecorners, level base, gutters, fascia, etc.) are determined (i.e.,detected using known image recognition techniques or manually noted anddimensions calculated). FIG. 7 and associated descriptions providegreater detail on siding specific features. In step 512, inside cornersare identified, dimensions retrieved from step 508 and the total lengthof inside corner material needed for each façade is aggregated andtotaled in step 520. Inside corners represent vertical lines at theinner intersection of two siding faces. Inside corners, of the length ofthe vertical lines, will be used to cover siding intersecting at theinside corners.

In step 514, outside corners are identified, dimensions retrieved fromstep 508 and the total length of outside corner material needed for eachfaçade is aggregated and totaled in step 520. Outside corners representvertical lines at the outer intersection of two siding faces. Outsidecorners, of the length of the vertical lines, will be used to coversiding intersecting at the outer corners.

In step 516, level or sloped base or sloped or vertical trim isidentified, dimensions retrieved from step 508 and the total length oflevel, sloped or vertical base/trim material needed for each façade isaggregated and totaled in step 520. Level base represents a bottom ofthe siding that is level where most vinyl contractors use starter stripand most fiber cement contractors use starter strip/first course. Slopedbase/trim represents a bottom of the siding that is sloped where mostvinyl contractors use J-channel (ground level) and/or flashing(rooflines) and fiber cement contractors use starter strip/first course.Vertical trim represents a corner where siding meets another substrate;most vinyl contractors use J-channel here and most fiber cementcontractors use a trim board. In addition, this step can includecalculation and aggregation of level frieze board, the top of sidingthat is level meets roofline, sloped frieze board, the top of sidingthat is sloped meets roofline (gables).

In step 518, eaves and rakes are identified, dimensions retrieved fromstep 508 and the total length of eaves and rakes material needed foreach façade is aggregated and totaled in step 520. Eaves, also referredto as eaves fascia, represent length of eaves. Rakes, also referred toas rakes fascia, represent length of rakes.

Other associated siding materials that may be replaced during a sidingreplacement include, but are not limited to, gutters (length), soffit(square footage), shutters (quantity and square footage), and vents(quantity and square footage). Each of these associated siding materialscan be calculated using one or more of the steps 502-508 and 520.

In step 520, a complete list of all identified siding areas andassociated siding elements (materials listing) with calculateddimensions (including area) are stored (e.g., in table form) includingaggregated total values. For example, the list will identify all sidingand associated elements needed to re-side the building represented bythe multi-dimensional model. In addition, as part of, or as anadditional step, the listing of materials may be augmented by crosscorrelation with known pricing lists to create an estimate of costs forthe associated items on the list. Basic cost estimating functionality isknown in the art. Known methods of calculating costs can be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the technology disclosed herein.

Referring back to step 418 (FIG. 4 ), a 3D blue print with dimensionsand/or labels is created. For example, each of the surfaces is labeledwith calculated dimensions (using known scale and sizes of constructedfaçades and siding and associated siding elements. In one embodiment,the dimensioned multi-dimensional model displays only outlines of thevarious edges and corners and architectural features with their specificdimensions or labels (sizing reflected in an associated table). In analternate embodiment, the dimensioned multi-dimensional model istextured using either the ground-level imagery or known default textures(e.g., 6 inch siding) with their specific dimensions or labels (sizingreflected in an associated table). The 3D blueprint can, in oneembodiment be returned to the capture device (e.g., smartphone) to bedisplayed to the user or be displayed to a potential homeowner as partof a remodeling or repair proposal (estimate). In addition, the listscan be provided (communicated/displayed/stored) in association, orseparately, from the 3D model and can be organized by material,architectural feature, sizing, costs, etc.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a flowchart for identifying planeswith roofing, dimensions (area) and material/cost calculations for amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure. In step 600, at least one scaled multi-dimensional model(building) as created, for example in FIG. 3 (element 308), is retrievedfrom image processing servers 102/112 to calculate and/or identify:overall dimensions, each surface dimension, roofing material, associatedroofing materials and associated non-roofing architectural elements(e.g., skylights, chimneys, etc.), labels for the identified dimensions,a table of materials and potential costs (estimate/proposal).

In step 602, roofing as an architectural element is selected. In oneembodiment, roofing is selected on the fly using known image or objectrecognition techniques, manually (user/modeler selected) or includingother known techniques, such as those shown in U.S. application Ser. No.14/610,850, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In step 604, all planes within the retrieved scaled multi-dimensionalmodel that include roofing are defined. In step 606, for each definedplane with roofing (repeated for each defined plane (607), perimeterboundaries for the roofing are defined by correlating, for example,perimeter points, vertices, corner points, edges or specific salientpixels (e.g., neighboring pixels with noted changes in contrast, densityor color, side pixels, corner pixels, etc.) of the roofing within thebuilding object imagery (e.g., ground-based image) to the correspondingboundaries (represented by x, y, z positions) within the 3D buildingmodel (e.g., within two images having a common element). Pixel positionsare extrapolated from vertices/edges of the ground-level imagery.

In step 608, roofing dimensions including pitch for each plane withroofing are calculated. Using the known scale, dimensions can becalculated geometrically relative to a single anchor point (e.g., peak(highest point) of building), calculated from multiple anchors pointswithin a single façade or within an entire multi-dimensional buildingmodel (e.g. each peak), calculated from a geometric center point/line ofthe multi-dimensional building model or calculated from a geometriccenter of a façade or roofing area of the multi-dimensional buildingmodel without departing from the scope of the technology describedherein. Also, in step 608, once dimensions of each identified plane withroofing are known (repeated in step 609), they are passed to a list(step 620), for example, a listing of all roofing areas, to be stored ina table within image processing servers 102/112 and further identifiedwithin the scaled multi-dimensional model (FIG. 4 , element 418).However, identification of dimensions can be incrementally performed(e.g., per architectural element, side, surface, etc.) or aggregated(stored in a table within image server memory) and performed together(FIG. 4 , step 416). Dimensioning can use well-known conventions (e.g.,blueprint dimensions) or use specific labels such as letters, numbers ortextual labels. As with dimensions, specific labeling can beincrementally performed (e.g., per architectural element side, surface,etc.) or aggregated (stored in a table within image server memory) andperformed later (FIG. 4 , step 416).

In addition, area calculations of identified non-roofing elements can beincluded in steps 602-608 (where non-roofing architectural elements inroofing areas are selected and areas calculated) where an area of eachnon-roofing surface (e.g., skylights vents, chimneys, etc.) will need tobe removed from an overall calculation of the total roofing surfacearea. FIGS. 7 and 13 and associated descriptions provide greater detailon roofing specific features. As with step 608, the areas calculated arepassed to an aggregation step 620 and label step (FIG. 4 , step 416).

In steps 610-618, roofing areas and associated roofing components(eaves, rakes, gutters, fascia, etc.) are determined (i.e., detected anddimensions calculated). In step 610, facets of the roof are identified,dimensions retrieved from step 608 and the total facet area roofingmaterial needed for each facet is aggregated and totaled in step 620.Facets represent each face at the inner intersection of two roofingfaces.

In step 612, ridges of the roof are identified, dimensions retrievedfrom step 608 and the total ridge area roofing material (e.g., shinglesand ridge venting) needed for each ridge is aggregated and totaled instep 620. Ridges represent material covering an upper intersection oftwo roofing faces.

In step 614, valleys of the roof are identified, dimensions retrievedfrom step 608 and the total valley area roofing material needed for eachvalley is aggregated and totaled in step 620. Valleys represent materialcovering an inner (lower/sloped) intersection of two roofing faces.

In step 616, eaves/rakes/gutters/fascia are identified, dimensionsretrieved from step 608 and the total length ofeaves/rakes/gutters/fascia material needed for each façade is aggregatedand totaled in step 620. Eaves, also referred to as eaves fascia,represent length of eaves. Rakes, also referred to as rakes fascia,represent length of rakes. Gutters run along fascia and may includedownspout length calculations (vertical corner edges of façades).

In step 618, each of the roofing areas are calculated, aggregated instep 622 and identified in step 418 (FIG. 4 ).

Other associated roofing materials that may be replaced during a roofingreplacement include, but are not limited to, tar paper (square footage),flashing (lengths and square footage), plywood sheathing, drip edge,felt underlayment, frieze board, and vents (quantity and squarefootage). Each of these associated roofing materials can be calculatedusing one or more of the steps 602-608 and 620.

In step 620, a complete list of all identified roofing areas andassociated roofing elements (materials listing) with calculateddimensions (including pitch and area) are stored (e.g., in table form)including aggregated total values. For example, the list will identifyall roofing and associated elements needed to re-roof the buildingrepresented by the multi-dimensional model. In addition, as part of, oras an additional step, the listing of materials may be augmented bycross correlation with known pricing lists to create an estimate ofcosts for the associated items on the list. Basic cost estimatingfunctionality is known in the art. Known methods of calculating costscan be used without departing from the scope of the technology disclosedherein.

Referring back to step 418 (FIG. 4 ), a 3D blue print with dimensionsand/or labels is created. For example, each of the roofing surfaces islabeled with calculated dimensions, including pitch, (using known scaleand sizes of constructed façades and roofing and associated roofingelements. In one embodiment, the dimensioned multi-dimensional modeldisplays only outlines of the various edges and corners andarchitectural features with their specific dimensions or labels (sizingreflected in an associated table). In an alternate embodiment, thedimensioned multi-dimensional model is textured using either theground-level imagery or known default textures (e.g., asphalt shingles)with their specific dimensions or labels (sizing reflected in anassociated table). The 3D blueprint can, in one embodiment be returnedto the capture device (e.g., smartphone) to be displayed to the user orbe displayed to a potential homeowner as part of a remodeling or repairproposal (estimate). In addition, the lists can be provided(communicated/displayed/stored) in association, or separately, from the3D model and can be organized by material, architectural feature,sizing, costs, etc.

Throughout the specification, drawings and claims, the technology hasbeen described for scaling; however, the same technology andmethodologies can be used to provide rescaling (e.g., amulti-dimensional model with poor (errors) original scaling, such asortho-based) without departing from the scope of the technologydescribed herein. In addition, the various embodiments may beinterchangeably implemented before, during or after construction of themulti-dimensional model. In addition, all dimensions all shown ininches, may interchangeably use metric sizing. Also, known standardarchitectural dimensional ratios can be customized by geographiclocation. For example, a brick size may be different in Europe vs. theUnited States. And lastly, known standard architectural dimensionalratios can be selected from groups based on building style (Georgian,saltbox, colonial, etc.).

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a diagram identifying various knownarchitectural elements, façades and dimensions of a multi-dimensionalbuilding model in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown, athree-dimensional building model includes labeled architecturalfeatures, such as windows (B, D, F and H), and façade measurements.Element 702 represents a front façade. Element 704 represents a window.Element 706 represents an inside corner. Element 708 represents anoutside corner. Element 710 represents a level base (starter base).Element 712 represents a sloped base. Element 714 represents a verticaltrim. Element 716 represents a fascia/gutter. Element 718 represents asloped trim/rake. Element 720 represents an eave. Element 722 representsa roof facet. Element 724 represents a roof ridge. Element 726represents a roof valley.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a diagram identifying various knownarchitectural elements, façades and dimensions of a multi-dimensionalbuilding model in accordance with the present disclosure. FIG. 8represents a right-hand view of a same three-dimensional building modelincluding labeled architectural features as shown in FIG. 7 .

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a diagram identifying various knownarchitectural elements, façades and dimensions of a multi-dimensionalbuilding model in accordance with the present disclosure. FIG. 9represents a rear view of the same three-dimensional building modelincluding labeled architectural features as shown in FIG. 7 .

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a siding table (materials listing)for identified various known siding architectural elements, façades andareas of a multi-dimensional building model in accordance with thepresent disclosure. As shown, siding areas of various façades ascalculated and labeled on the multi-dimensional building model arelisted. Also, included are quantities of inside and outside cornersneeded as well as windows and shutters on each façade.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a detailed siding listing ofmaterials/dimensions for identified various known architecturalelements, façades and dimensions of a multi-dimensional building modelin accordance with the present disclosure. As shown, associated sidingmaterials of various façades as calculated and labeled on themulti-dimensional building model are listed. These associated sidingmaterials and their aggregated quantities (per façade) are, but notlimited to, level base, sloped base, inside corners, outside corners,eave lines, rake lines, and various window perimeters.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of an aggregated siding listing foridentified various known architectural elements, façades and dimensionsof a multi-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure. As shown, total quantities, lengths and areas are listed.

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a roofing diagram for identifiedvarious known architectural elements and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure. As shown, various sections of a roof are shown as part ofthe top view 1300 of a multi-dimensional building model. Element 1302represents facets of the roofing. Element 1304 represents ridges of theroofing. Element 1306 represents valleys of the roofing.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of a roofing diagram/listing foridentified various known architectural elements and dimensions of amulti-dimensional building model in accordance with the presentdisclosure. As shown, the listing includes roofing sections with variouspitches, area and percentage of total roof area. A labeled diagram showsa location of the various pitch areas.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of an aggregated roofing listing foridentified various roofing areas and associated roofing elements anddimensions thereof from a multi-dimensional building model in accordancewith the present disclosure. As shown, the listing shows an aggregationof: facets (number and square area), ridges/hips (number/length),valleys (number/length), rakes (number/length) and gutters/eaves(number/length).

Referring now to FIG. 16 , therein is shown a diagrammaticrepresentation of a machine in the example form of a computer system1600 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine toperform any one or more of the methodologies or modules discussedherein, may be executed. Computer system 1600 includes a processor,memory, non-volatile memory, and an interface device. Various commoncomponents (e.g., cache memory) are omitted for illustrative simplicity.The computer system 1600 is intended to illustrate a hardware device onwhich any of the components depicted in the example of FIG. 1 (and anyother components described in this specification) can be implemented.The computer system 1600 can be of any applicable known or convenienttype. The components of the computer system 1600 can be coupled togethervia a bus or through some other known or convenient device.

This disclosure contemplates the computer system 1600 taking anysuitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation,computer system 1600 may be an embedded computer system, asystem-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, forexample, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), adesktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, aninteractive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobiletelephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, or acombination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system1600 may include one or more computer systems 1600; be unitary ordistributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; or residein a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one ormore networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems 1600 mayperform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or moresteps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As anexample and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems 1600may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one ormore methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computersystems 1600 may perform at different times or at different locationsone or more steps of one or more methods described or illustratedherein, where appropriate.

The processor may be, for example, a conventional microprocessor such asan Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PC microprocessor. Oneof skill in the relevant art will recognize that the terms“machine-readable (storage) medium” or “computer-readable (storage)medium” include any type of device that is accessible by the processor.

The memory is coupled to the processor by, for example, a bus. Thememory can include, by way of example but not limitation, random accessmemory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM). Thememory can be local, remote, or distributed.

The bus also couples the processor to the non-volatile memory and driveunit. The non-volatile memory is often a magnetic floppy or hard disk, amagnetic-optical disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory (ROM), suchas a CD-ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM, a magnetic or optical card, or anotherform of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is oftenwritten, by a direct memory access process, into memory during executionof software in the computer system 1600. The non-volatile storage can belocal, remote, or distributed. The non-volatile memory is optionalbecause systems can be created with all applicable data available inmemory. A typical computer system will usually include at least aprocessor, memory, and a device (e.g., a bus) coupling the memory to theprocessor.

Software is typically stored in the non-volatile memory and/or the driveunit. Indeed, for large programs, it may not even be possible to storethe entire program in the memory. Nevertheless, it should be understoodthat for software to run, if necessary, it is moved to a computerreadable location appropriate for processing, and for illustrativepurposes, that location is referred to as the memory in this paper. Evenwhen software is moved to the memory for execution, the processor willtypically make use of hardware registers to store values associated withthe software, and local cache that, ideally, serves to speed upexecution. As used herein, a software program is assumed to be stored atany known or convenient location (from non-volatile storage to hardwareregisters) when the software program is referred to as “implemented in acomputer-readable medium.” A processor is considered to be “configuredto execute a program” when at least one value associated with theprogram is stored in a register readable by the processor.

The bus also couples the processor to the network interface device. Theinterface can include one or more of a modem or network interface. Itwill be appreciated that a modem or network interface can be consideredto be part of the computer system 1200. The interface can include ananalog modem, isdn modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellitetransmission interface (e.g., “direct PC”), or other interfaces forcoupling a computer system to other computer systems. The interface caninclude one or more input and/or output devices. The I/O devices caninclude, by way of example but not limitation, a keyboard, a mouse orother pointing device, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other inputand/or output devices, including a display device. The display devicecan include, by way of example but not limitation, a cathode ray tube(CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), or some other applicable known orconvenient display device. For simplicity, it is assumed thatcontrollers of any devices not depicted reside in the interface.

In operation, the computer system 1600 can be controlled by operatingsystem software that includes a file management system, such as a diskoperating system. One example of operating system software withassociated file management system software is the family of operatingsystems known as Windows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.,and their associated file management systems. Another example ofoperating system software with its associated file management systemsoftware is the Linux™ operating system and its associated filemanagement system. The file management system is typically stored in thenon-volatile memory and/or drive unit and causes the processor toexecute the various acts required by the operating system to input andoutput data and to store data in the memory, including storing files onthe non-volatile memory and/or drive unit.

In one embodiment, known standard measurements, for example a heightfrom a door threshold to the center of a door knob is used to scale the3D building model. In addition, the scaling can be determined using anyknown standard measurement located within a captured image (buildingobject imagery). Also, the scaling can be determined using any knownstandard dimensional ratio measurement located within a captured image.And finally, the scaling can be determined using any known dimensionalmeasurement located within a field of view of a captured image.

The technology as described herein may have also been described, atleast in part, in terms of one or more embodiments. An embodiment of thetechnology as described herein is used herein to illustrate an aspectthereof, a feature thereof, a concept thereof, and/or an examplethereof. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article ofmanufacture, a machine, and/or of a process that embodies the technologydescribed herein may include one or more of the aspects, features,concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of theembodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, theembodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions,steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different referencenumbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be thesame or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of thetechnology as described herein have been expressly described herein,other combinations of these features and functions are likewisepossible. For example, the steps may be completed in varied sequences tocomplete the textured façades. The technology as described herein is notlimited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expresslyincorporates these other combinations.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of creating a multi-dimensional modelcomprising: identifying a plurality of architectural elements withinbuilding object imagery; constructing the multi-dimensional model fromthe building object imagery based on the plurality of architecturalelements; comparing a dimension value of a first identifiedarchitectural element of the plurality of architectural elements to anexternally referenced architectural element dimension; applying theexternally referenced architectural element dimension to the firstidentified architectural element; validating a scaling factor for themulti-dimensional building model according to a relative error of asecond architectural element of the plurality of architectural elements,the relative error resulting from the externally referencedarchitectural element dimension applied to the first architecturalelement; scaling the multi-dimensional model based on the scalingfactor; and providing dimensions of a plurality of features of thescaled multi-dimensional model.
 22. The method of claim 21, whereinidentifying the plurality of architectural elements comprises usingobject recognition techniques to identify the plurality of architecturalelements.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the plurality ofarchitectural elements are within planar surfaces of the building objectimagery.
 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising receiving thedimension value of the first identified architectural element.
 25. Themethod of claim 21, further comprising detecting the dimension value ofthe first identified architectural element.
 26. The method of claim 21,wherein the dimension value of the first identified architecturalelement comprises a dimensional ratio.
 27. The method of claim 21,wherein comparing the dimension value of the first identifiedarchitectural element to the externally referenced architectural elementdimension is based on a closest dimension.
 28. The method of claim 21,wherein comparing the dimension value of the first identifiedarchitectural element to the externally referenced architecturaldimension comprises matching the dimension value of the first identifiedarchitectural element to the externally referenced architectural elementdimension.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein matching the dimensionvalue of the first identified architectural element to the externallyreferenced architectural element dimension comprises matching within athreshold.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the threshold isninety-five percent.
 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the relativeerror is less than five percent.
 32. The method of claim 21, wherein thedimension value of the first identified architectural element is adimensional ratio of the first identified architectural element, andwherein the externally referenced architectural element dimension is anexternally referenced architectural element dimensional ratio.
 33. Themethod of claim 21, wherein applying the externally referencedarchitectural element dimension further comprises scaling the buildingobject imagery based on the externally referenced architectural elementdimension.
 34. The method of claim 21, wherein applying the externallyreferenced architectural element dimension further comprises scaling themulti-dimensional building model based on the externally referencedarchitectural element dimension.
 35. The method of claim 21, wherein themulti-dimensional model is a 2D building model.
 36. The method of claim21, wherein the multi-dimensional model is a 3D building model.
 37. Themethod of claim 21, wherein the plurality of features comprises aplurality of architectural features.
 38. Non-transitory computer storagemedia storing instructions that when executed by a system comprising oneor more processors, cause the one or more processors to performoperations comprising: identifying a plurality of architectural elementswithin building object imagery; constructing the multi-dimensional modelfrom the building object imagery based on the plurality of architecturalelements; comparing a dimension value of a first identifiedarchitectural element of the plurality of architectural elements to anexternally referenced architectural element dimension; applying theexternally referenced architectural element dimension to the firstidentified architectural element; validating a scaling factor for themulti-dimensional building model according to a relative error of asecond architectural element of the plurality of architectural elements,the relative error resulting from the externally referencedarchitectural element dimension applied to the first architecturalelement; scaling the multi-dimensional model based on the scalingfactor; and providing dimensions of a plurality of features of thescaled multi-dimensional model.
 39. The non-transitory computer storagemedia of claim 38, wherein comparing the dimension value of the firstidentified architectural element to the externally referencedarchitectural dimension comprises matching the dimension value of thefirst identified architectural element to the externally referencedarchitectural element dimension.
 40. The non-transitory computer storagemedia of claim 39, wherein matching the dimension value of the firstidentified architectural element to the externally referencedarchitectural element dimension comprises matching within a threshold.